Article Layout

Overview

Quarto supports a variety of page layout options that enable you to author content that:

Fills the main content region
Overflows the content region
Spans the entire page
Occupies the document margin
Uses landscape mode in paginated formats

Quarto uses the concept of columns to describe page layout (e.g. the “body” column, the “margin” column, etc.). Below we’ll describe how to arrange content into these columns. If you need to adjust the widths of the columns, see Page Layout - Grid Customization.

All of the layout capabilities described in this document work for HTML output and many work for PDF and LaTeX output. For details about the PDF / LaTeX output, see PDF/LaTeX Layout.

Body Column

By default, elements are position in the body of the document and are allowed to span the content of the document, like the below.

.column-body

But if you’d like, you can extend content slightly outside the bounds of the body by creating a div with the .column-body-outset class. For example:

:::{.column-body-outset}
Outset content...
:::

.column-body-outset

Page Column

If you need even more space for your content, you can use the .column-page class to make the content much wider, though stopping short of extending across the whole document.

.column-page

For example, to create a wider image, you could use:

:::{.column-page}
![](images/elephant.jpg)
:::

Three walking elephants in silhouette against the backdrop of a sunset.

For computational output, you can specify the page column in your code cell options. For example:

```{r}
#| column: page

knitr::kable(
  mtcars[1:6, 1:10]
)
```

	mpg	cyl	disp	hp	drat	wt	qsec	vs	am	gear
Mazda RX4	21.0	6	160	110	3.90	2.620	16.46	0	1	4
Mazda RX4 Wag	21.0	6	160	110	3.90	2.875	17.02	0	1	4
Datsun 710	22.8	4	108	93	3.85	2.320	18.61	1	1	4
Hornet 4 Drive	21.4	6	258	110	3.08	3.215	19.44	1	0	3
Hornet Sportabout	18.7	8	360	175	3.15	3.440	17.02	0	0	3
Valiant	18.1	6	225	105	2.76	3.460	20.22	1	0	3

In addition, you can use .column-page-inset to inset the element from the page slightly, like so:

.column-page-inset

Screen Column

You can have content span the full width of the page with no margin (full bleed). For this, use the .column-screen class or specify column: screen on a code cell. For example:

::: {.column-screen}
![A full screen image](/image.png)
:::

.column-screen

The following code displays a Leaflet map across the whole page.

```{r}
#| column: screen

library(leaflet)
leaflet() %>%
  addTiles() %>%  # Add default OpenStreetMap map tiles
  addMarkers(lng=174.768, lat=-36.852, popup="The birthplace of R")
```

Screen Inset

If you’d like a full width appearance, but would like to retain a margin, you can use inset or inset-shaded modifiers on the column. For example:

::: {.column-screen-inset}
![A full screen image](/image.png)
:::

.column-screen-inset

The inset-shaded modifier results in a block spanning the full width but wrapped with a lightly shaded background. For example:

```{r}
#| column: screen-inset-shaded

library(leaflet)
leaflet() %>%
  addTiles() %>%  # Add default OpenStreetMap map tiles
  addMarkers(lng=174.768, lat=-36.852, popup="The birthplace of R")
```

Column layouts like screen-inset-shaded will work with advanced figure layout. For example, it is straightforward to create a multi column presentation of figures that spans the document:

```{r}
#| column: screen-inset-shaded
#| layout-nrow: 1

plot(cars)
plot(iris)
plot(pressure)
```

Margin Content

You can place content within the right margin of Quarto document. For example, here we use the .column-margin class to place an image in the margin:

::: {.column-margin}
![A margin image](image.png)
:::

.column-margin

This also works for text content:

::: {.column-margin}
We know from *the first fundamental theorem of calculus* that for $x$ in $[a, b]$:

$$\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x).$$
:::

We know from the first fundamental theorem of calculus that for \(x\) in \([a, b]\):

\[\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x).\]

Margin Figures

Figures that you create using code cells can be placed in the margin by using the column: margin code cell option. If the code produces more than one figure, each of the figures will be placed in the margin.

```{r}
#| label: fig-mtcars
#| fig-cap: "MPG vs horsepower, colored by transmission."
#| column: margin

library(ggplot2)
mtcars2 <- mtcars
mtcars2$am <- factor(
  mtcars$am, labels = c('automatic', 'manual')
)
ggplot(mtcars2, aes(hp, mpg, color = am)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(formula = y ~ x, method = "loess") +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
```

Figure 1: MPG vs horsepower, colored by transmission.

Margin Tables

You can also place tables in the margin of your document by specifying column: margin.

```{r}
#| column: margin

knitr::kable(
  mtcars[1:6, 1:3]
)
```

	mpg	cyl	disp
Mazda RX4	21.0	6	160
Mazda RX4 Wag	21.0	6	160
Datsun 710	22.8	4	108
Hornet 4 Drive	21.4	6	258
Hornet Sportabout	18.7	8	360
Valiant	18.1	6	225

Multiple Outputs

You can also target specific output types (for example, figures) to be placed in the margin. For example, the following code will render a table showing part of the mtcars dataset and produce a plot in the margin next to the table.

```{r}
#| fig-column: margin

mtcars2 <- mtcars
mtcars2$am <- factor(
  mtcars$am, labels = c('automatic', 'manual')
)

knitr::kable(
  mtcars[1:6, 1:6]
)

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(mtcars2, aes(hp, mpg, color = am)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(formula = y ~ x, method = "loess") +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
```

	mpg	cyl	disp	hp	drat	wt
Mazda RX4	21.0	6	160	110	3.90	2.620
Mazda RX4 Wag	21.0	6	160	110	3.90	2.875
Datsun 710	22.8	4	108	93	3.85	2.320
Hornet 4 Drive	21.4	6	258	110	3.08	3.215
Hornet Sportabout	18.7	8	360	175	3.15	3.440
Valiant	18.1	6	225	105	2.76	3.460

Page Breaks

The pagebreak shortcode enables you to insert a native pagebreak into a document (.e.g in LaTeX this would be a \newpage, in MS Word a docx-native pagebreak, in HTML a page-break-after: always CSS directive, etc.):

page 1

{{< pagebreak >}}

page 2

Native pagebreaks are supported for HTML, LaTeX, Context, MS Word, Open Document, and ePub (for other formats a form-feed character \f is inserted).

Margin References

Footnotes and the bibliography typically appear at the end of the document, but you can choose to have them placed in the margin by setting the following option¹ in the document front matter:

¹ You can also position references in other location (such as the bottom of the block, section, or document).

---
reference-location: margin
citation-location: margin
---

With these options set, footnotes and citations will (respectively) be automatically be placed in the margin of the document rather than the bottom of the page. As an example, when I cite Xie, Allaire, and Grolemund (2018), the citation bibliography entry itself will now appear in the margin.

Xie, Yihui, J. J. Allaire, and Garrett Grolemund. 2018. R Markdown: The Definitive Guide. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown.

Asides

Asides allow you to place content aside from the content it is placed in. Asides look like footnotes, but do not include the footnote mark (the superscript number).

This is a span that has the class aside which places it in the margin without a footnote number.

[This is a span that has the class `aside` which places it in the margin without a footnote number.]{.aside}

Margin Captions

For figures and tables, you may leave the content in the body of the document while placing the caption in the margin of the document. Using cap-location: margin in a code cell or document front matter to control this. For example:

```{r}
#| label: fig-cap-margin
#| fig-cap: "MPG vs horsepower, colored by transmission."
#| cap-location: margin

library(ggplot2)
mtcars2 <- mtcars
mtcars2$am <- factor(
  mtcars$am, labels = c('automatic', 'manual')
)
ggplot(mtcars2, aes(hp, mpg, color = am)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(formula = y ~ x, method = "loess") +
  theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
```

Figure 2: MPG vs horsepower, colored by transmission.

Overflowing Content

You can also extend content outside the body region on only the left or right side of the document by using the right and left versions of the body, page, and screen columns to layout your content. The left or right version of these columns are as follows:

.column-body-outset-right

.column-page-inset-right

.column-page-right

.column-screen-inset-right

.column-screen-right

.column-body-outset-left

.column-page-inset-left

.column-page-left

.column-screen-inset-left

.column-screen-left

Use a div with one of the above classes to align content into one of the overflow regions. This also works using the column option of executable code cells:

```{r}
#| column: screen-inset-right

library(leaflet)
leaflet() %>%
  addTiles() %>%  # Add default OpenStreetMap map tiles
  addMarkers(lng=174.768, lat=-36.852, popup="The birthplace of R")
```

Options Reference

Global Options

Some layout options can be specified globally in document yaml. For example:

---
fig-cap-location: margin
reference-location: margin
---

All of the below options currently only support setting a value of margin which tells Quarto to place the corresponding element in the margin.

Option	Description
`reference-location`	Where to place footnotes. Defaults to `document`. [`document` \| `section` \| `block` \| `margin` ]
`citation-location`	Where to place citations. Defaults to `document`. [`document` \| `margin` ]
`cap-location`	Where to place figure and table captions. Defaults to `bottom` for figures and `top` for tables. \| [`top` \| `bottom` \| `margin`]
`fig-cap-location`	Where to place figure captions. Defaults to `bottom`. [`top` \| `bottom` \| `margin`]
`tbl-cap-location`	Where to place table captions. Defaults to `top`. [`top` \| `bottom` \| `margin`]

Code Cell Options

You can also set layout column on specific code cells. This controls the layout of content that is produced by the code cell.

```{r}
#| column: page

plot(cars)
```

Option	Description
`column`	Layout column to use for code cell outputs. See column options below.
`fig-column`	Layout column to use for code cell figure outputs. See column options below.
`tbl-column`	Layout column to use for code cell table outputs. See column options below.
`cap-location`	Where to place figure and table captions produced by this code cell. Defaults to `bottom` for figures and `top` for tables. [`top` \| `bottom` \| `margin`]
`fig-cap-location`	Where to place captions for figures produced by this code cell. Defaults to `inline`. [`inline` \| `margin`]
`tbl-cap-location`	Where to place captions for tables produced by this code cell. Defaults to `inline`. [`inline` \| `margin`]

Using Classes

In addition to global and code cell specific options, you may use divs with layout classes (prefixed with .column-) to arrange content into columns:

::: {.column-margin}
This content will appear in the margin!
:::

Available Columns

Here are all of the available column specifiers:

Column	Code Cell `column`	Class Name
Body	`column: body column: body-outset column: body-outset-left column: body-outset-right`	`.column-body .column-body-outset .column-body-outset-left .column-body-outset-right`
Page Inset	`column: page-inset-left column: page-inset-right`	`.column-page-inset-left .column-page-inset-right`
Page	`column: page column: page-left column: page-right`	`.column-page .column-page-left .column-page-right`
Screen Inset	`column: screen-inset column: screen-inset-shaded column: screen-inset-left column: screen-inset-right`	`.column-screen-inset .column-screen-inset-shaded .column-screen-inset-left .column-screen-inset-right`
Screen	`column: screen column: screen-left column: screen-right`	`.column-screen .column-screen-left .column-screen-right`
Margin	`column: margin`	`.column-margin`

PDF/LaTeX Layout

While most of the layout capabilities described are supported for both HTML and PDF output, some are available only for HTML output. You can use the full set of columns for HTML. Then, when you render PDF or LaTeX output, content will automatically be placed in the most appropriate related column (typically this will mean using the main column and right margin). Here is how columns are mapped:

Any column that uses the right margin (e.g. page, screen, screen-right, etc.) will be rendered as page-right in LaTeX.
Any column that uses the left margin will be rendered as normal body content.

Page Geometry

When you render a PDF using content in the margin or content that spans the page, Quarto will automatically adjust the page geometry for the default Quarto LaTeX document classes (KOMA scrartcl, scrreport, or scrbook) to create a slightly narrower body content region and a slightly wider margin region. This adjustment will incorporate known paper sizes to create a reasonable page geometry for most content.

You can control the page geometry directly yourself by setting geometry options in your document’s front matter. For example:

---
geometry:
  - left=.75in
  - textwidth=4.5in
  - marginparsep=.25in
  - marginparwidth=2.25in
---

You can use these options to control the page geometry for the built-in document classes or to customize the geometry of other document classes that you may be using.

If you’d like to view the page geometry in your rendered PDF, you can pass showframe to the geometry option as in the below example.

---
geometry:
  - showframe
---

Code Blocks

When rendering a PDF that uses the margins for content, Quarto automatically adjusts the appearance of code blocks. Rather than having a solid background color, a left border treatment is used.

This enables non-breaking code to overflow into the margin without cosmetic issues created by the code block background (which does not overflow into the margin region).

You can disable this treatment by setting the following code-block-border-left: false in your document front matter.

Landscape mode

In docx, pdf and typst formats, you can set portions of the document to landscape mode by wrapping the content around a fenced div with class landscape:

---
format:
  docx: default
  typst: default
  pdf: default
---

This will appear in portrait mode.

::: {.landscape}

This will appear in landscape.

:::

This will appear in portrait mode again.